你覺得你是open-minded的人嗎？

為什麼，有些人可以在他的人生，持續的進步，而另一些人，就是會一直犯相同的錯誤呢？

雖然這件事情，並沒有一定正確的答案，但我發現這兩群人，在面對困境跟挑戰的思考模式上，有一個很大的差異。

前者，在面對事情的時候，有一個開放的心，渴望去學習，而且勇於認錯。

後者，意見不合的時候，總是不願意討論，而且他們認為：與其承認自己錯，不如死了算了。

這兩種面對困境的方法，造就了他們的不同。

Why is it that some people seem to make constant progress in their professional and personal lives, while others appear to be doomed to repeat the same mistakes over and over?While the answer isn’t cut and dry, I’ve noticed an interesting mindset difference between these two groups: they approach obstacles and challenges very differently.

The first group approaches life with an open mind — an eagerness to learn and a willingness to be wrong. The second group digs their heels in at the first sign of disagreement and would rather die than be wrong. The way each group approaches obstacles, it turns out, defines much of what separates them.

所以，你是哪一種人呢？

在你立馬想拍胸脯保證說自己是Open-minded的人之前，請想想：思想封閉的人才不會說自己思想封閉呢！

事實上他們自認為自己有開放的心胸，才是最危險的事情。

你是真的有開放的心胸，還是你自以為是？


你是真的很有實力，還是你其實只是做做樣子？


So which group are you in?

Before you smugly slap an open-minded sticker on your chest, consider this: closed-minded people would never consider that they could actually be closed-minded. In fact, their perceived open-mindedness is what’s so dangerous.

It’s a version of the Batesian Mimic Problem — are you the real thing or a copycat? Are you the real deal, or have you simply learned to talk the talk, to look the part?

這些是很難回答的問題。沒有人想要承認，他們自己是思想封閉的人。

但是有這樣的勇氣，承認自己可能是思想封閉的，是非常好的。

能夠改變心態的能力，是非常有力量的事情。

These are tough questions to answer. Nobody wants to admit to themselves that they’re closed-minded. But the advantages of having that courage are massive. The ability to change your mind is a superpower.

改變想法的能力是非常有力量的。

你能夠學習或進步多少，取決於你有多願意，重視新的想法。即使你沒有很喜歡那個想法，甚至你可能很討厭那個想法。

另外，把你的信念跟努力，放在對的地方，可以讓你往前，同理來說，相信錯的人，只會讓你回到原點。

The ability to change your mind is a superpower.

The rate at which you learn and progress in the world depends on how willing you are to weigh the merit of new ideas, even if you don’t instinctively like them. Perhaps especially if you don’t like them.

What’s more, placing your trust and effort in the right mentor can propel you forward, just as placing it in the wrong person can send you back to the starting point.

所以，你要怎麼分辨，你是哪一種人呢？你要怎麼確定，你是被對的人影響呢？《原則》這本書作者，Ray Dalio說，白手起家的億萬富翁及擁有世界上最大的基金創始人，列出了七種方法讓你來分辨這兩群人的不同。

So how can you tell what camp you're in? How do you make sure you're being influenced by the right group of people?

In his book Principles, Ray Dalio, self-made billionaire and founder of the largest hedge fund in the world, lays out seven powerful ways you can tell the difference.

1. 想法受到挑戰時Challenging Ideas

思想封閉的人：他們不喜歡自己的想法被挑戰。

他們通常會在，別人不同意他們想法的時候，感到沮喪，而不是好奇，為什麼其他人不同意。

與其讓事情變得更好，他們對於證明自己是對的，反而更有興趣。

他們不太問問題。他們想要證明是你的錯，不想知道你為什麼這樣想。

他們會在你要他們解釋的時候，而感到生氣。

他們認為，人們在問他問題的時候，會降低他思考速度

而且，他們會認為，如果你不同意，你根本是個白痴。

Closed-minded people don’t want their ideas challenged. They are typically frustrated that they can’t get the other person to agree with them instead of curious as to why the other person disagrees.

Closed-minded people are more interested in proving themselves right than in getting the best outcome. They don’t ask questions. They want to show you where you're wrong without understanding where you’re coming from. They get angry when you ask them to explain something. They think people who ask questions are slowing them down. And they think you’re an idiot if you don’t agree.

In short, they’re on the wrong side of right.

心胸開放的人：他們對於為什麼對方不同意是更有興趣的。

他們理解，自己有可能是錯的。

花些時間去了解別人的想法，是很重要的。

他們認為不同的意見，是擴展自己知識很好的方法。

他們對於問題並不會感到生氣或是不開心，他們會想要找出不同意見背後的原因，這樣他們才可以去修正自己誤會的地方。

他們理解：「對」是指，當別人知道，他們不知道的東西的時候，必須改變自己的想法。

Open-minded people are more curious about why there is disagreement. … They understand that there is always the possibility that they might be wrong and that it’s worth the little bit of time it takes to consider the other person’s views….

Open-minded people see disagreement as a thoughtful means to expand their knowledge. They don’t get angry or upset at questions; rather, they want to identify where the disagreement lies so they can correct their misperceptions. They realize that being right means changing their minds when someone else knows something they don’t.

2. 敘述句vs. 提問句Statements vs. Questions

思想封閉的人：他們比較喜歡使用敘述句而不是提問。

他們在會議當中，比較願意提出自己的見解，但是從不去問別人的想法，或是請別人闡述他們的概念。

他們會去想如何反駁對方的意見，而不是試著想，他們自己可能有沒注意到的部分。

Closed-minded people are more likely to make statements than ask questions.

These are the people who sit in meetings and are more than willing to offer their opinions, but never ask other people to expand on or explain their ideas. Closed-minded people are thinking of how they would refute the other person’s thoughts, rather than trying to understand what they might be missing.

心胸開放的人：他們相信自己有可能會是錯的，所以他們會非常真誠地問問題。

他們會有一些想法，但他們知道，其他人的想法也很重要，不管這些人是不是這方面的專家。

無論如何，他們對於人們的不同想法，是感到好奇的，而且會重視他們的想法。

Open-minded people genuinely believe they could be wrong; the questions that they ask are genuine.

Open-minded people know that while they may have an opinion on a subject, it could count for less than someone else’s. Maybe they’re outside their circle of competence or maybe they’re experts. Regardless, they’re always curious as to how people see things differently and they weigh their opinions accordingly.

3. 理解 Understanding

思想封閉的人：他們比較在乎被理解而不是理解別人。

人們習慣性的反應是個線索。當你不同意一個人的時候，他的反應是什麼呢？

如果，他立馬再闡述他的概念，或是更糟，再說一次，他們剛剛所說的話。

那麼，他們可能會認為，你沒有了解他，而不知道，其實你是不同意他們。

Closed-minded people focus much more on being understood than on understanding others.

People’s default behaviors offer a quick tell. When you disagree with someone, what’s their reaction? If they’re quick to rephrase what they just said or, even worse, repeat it, then they are assuming that you don’t understand them, rather than that you are disagreeing with them.

心胸開放的人：他們會願意從對方的角度去看事情。

當你不同意他們的時候，他們會認為，他們可能有一些沒有理解的地方，並且會問你，他們哪邊的理解是不完整的。

Open-minded people feel compelled to see things through others’ eyes.

When you disagree with an open-minded person, they are quick to assume that they might not understand something and to ask you to tell them where their understanding is incomplete.

4. 我可能是錯的，但是…I Might Be Wrong, But…Dalio說的這一點最棒了。

思想封閉的人：他們最喜歡說「我可能是錯的啦，但是這是我的意見。」

這是最經典，常聽到他們說的話。

這是他們，可以保有自己，原本的意見，又以為自己是心胸開放的方法。

如果你是心胸開放的人，當你說「我有可能是錯的…」你後面，應該會接著一個問句，而不是你的主張。

心胸開放的人：他們會知道，什麼時候該問問題，什麼時候該敘述自己的意見。

Dalio nails this one. I have nothing to add.

Closed-minded people say things like “I could be wrong … but here’s my opinion.” This is a classic cue I hear all the time. It’s often a perfunctory gesture that allows people to hold their own opinion while convincing themselves that they are being open-minded. If your statement starts with “I could be wrong”…, you should probably follow it with a question and not an assertion.

Open-minded people know when to make statements and when to ask questions.

5. 你給我閉嘴Just Shut Up

思想封閉的人：他們通常不讓其他人說話。

他們不喜歡花時間，重講他們已經講過的事情。

他們除了自己的聲音之外，不想要聽到別人的聲音。

（Dalio提出一個「2分鐘原則」來解釋這個概念：每個人都有兩分鐘的時間，在不被他人打斷的情況下說自己的意見。）

“Closed-minded people block others from speaking.”

They don’t have time to rehash something already talked about. They don’t want to hear anyone’s voices but their own. (Dalio offers a “two-minute rule” to get around this: Everyone has the right to speak for two minutes without being interrupted.)

心胸開放的人：他們總是對於，聽別人說話是很感興趣的。

甚至他們常說「Sam，我發現，你從剛剛到現在，有點安靜，你有想要提供一些想法嗎？」

費茨傑羅（F. Scott Fitzgerald，1896-1940）的名句：

一個真正有智慧的人，可以兼容並駕馭兩個相反的意見。

Open-minded people are always more interested in listening than in speaking.

More than that, they say things like, “Sam, I notice you’ve been quiet. Would you like to offer your thoughts to the group?”

“The test of a first-rate intelligence is the ability to hold two opposed ideas in mind at the same time and still retain the ability to function.”

— F. Scott Fitzgerald

6. 只有一個正確答案 Only One Sperm Gets In

思想封閉的人：他們很難，同時的在他們心中，容下兩個不同的意見。

這讓我想起了Charlie Munger的經典名句：「人類大腦的機制，就像受精卵一樣，有個自動關上的開關。

當有一個精子進入的時候，下一個精子，就沒有辦法進入了，他們會自動地關上。」

我們對於自己，已經有偏好的想法，比較不能接收其他想法，這是我們的天性。

但是，這並不是理想的思考跟學習方式。

Closed-minded people have trouble holding two thoughts simultaneously in their minds.

This reminds me of the memorable quote by Charlie Munger: “The human mind is a lot like the human egg, and the human egg has a shut-off device. When one sperm gets in, it shuts down so the next one can’t get in.” It’s our nature to close our minds around our favorite ideas, but this is not the ideal way to think and learn.

心胸開放的人：他們可以接受其他人的想法，但也同時會自己思考。

他們可以同時處理兩個，或者是更多，彼此之間有衝突的概念，並且反覆的思考，彼此之間的優缺點。

Open-minded people can take in the thoughts of others without losing their ability to think well—they can hold two or more conflicting concepts in their mind and go back and forth between them to assess their relative merits.

7. 謙虛 Humble Pie

思想封閉的人：他們缺乏謙虛。

人們要如何學會謙虛呢？

通常都是從失敗當中，一個巨大的失敗，讓他們再也不想重複一次。

我記得，有一次，我曾經在一個基金做了一個非常可怕的投資決定，後來，我花了非常多的時間檢討，確保不會再犯相同的錯誤。

在這個過程當中，我們學會了很多，我們過去不知道的東西。

心胸開放的人：

對於每一件事情會是謙虛的態度，他們深知，自己可能會是錯的。

Closed-minded people lack a deep sense of humility.

Where does one get humility? Usually from failure—a crash so terrible they don’t want to repeat it. I remember when a hedge fund I was on the board of made a terrible investment decision. We spent a lot of time rubbing our noses in it afterward in an attempt to make sure we wouldn’t repeat the same mistake. In the process, we learned a lot about what we didn’t know.

Open-minded people approach everything with a deep-seated fear that they may be wrong.

＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿

如果你發現，你有一些思想封閉的行為，不用緊張，不是只有你。

我們都同時有一些，心胸開放或是思想封閉的特質，而且，隨著每天或者事情的不同，也會不一樣

If you recognize closed-minded behavior patterns in yourself, you’re not alone.

We’re all somewhere on the continuum between open- and closed-minded by default. Further complicating things, it varies by day and subject.

保持心胸開放並不會自己發生。

當你發現，自己有些思想封閉的行為，只要覺察發生了什麼事並且改正他，不需要責備自己。

用你最快的速度，找一個安靜的地方，深入的反思剛剛發生的事情。

試著，在下一次，找更好的方法，記得這些練習是需要努力的。

或許，你對一些事情，有自己心目中對的價值觀，或許你可能不是那個要做決定的人，不管如何，這些都是值得探索的。

Staying open-minded won’t happen by accident.

When you find yourself exhibiting these behaviors in the moment, acknowledge what’s happening and correct it. Don’t blame yourself. As soon as you can, find a quiet place and reflect on what’s going on at a deeper level. Try to do better next time. Remember that this stuff takes work.

Maybe you have your self-worth wrapped up in being right, or maybe you’re not the right person to make a given decision. Or maybe it’s something else. Either way, this is something worth exploring.

我還想要多加一點：心胸開放的人，不代表你花很多的時間，去考慮很爛的想法，來證明自己是心胸開放的。

有些事情是已經有定見的，例如說如果有人提供你免費的午餐， 那當然值得懷疑。

如果有人給你可以一直運轉的機器，那我也建議你不要理他們，因為這違反了熱動力學。

如果有人請你幫忙賄賂，並且告訴你，不會有人知道，那我當然也會建議你趕快離開。

有的時候思想封閉，在某些議題上，還是有用的。

I have one more thing to add: Being open-minded does not mean that you spend an inordinate amount of time considering patently bad ideas just for the sake of open-mindedness.

You must have what Garrett Hardin calls a “default status” on various issues in your head. If someone offers you the proverbial free lunch, it’s OK to default to skepticism. If someone offers to build you a perpetual motion machine, I suggest you ignore them, as they’re violating the laws of thermodynamics. If someone offers to help you defraud the government and suggests that “no one will know,” I suggest you walk away immediately. There is wisdom in closed-mindedness on certain issues.

但是考慮下面這個：

你有認識，誰是沒有盲點的嗎？

我非常的懷疑。那我們，又怎麼可能會有所不同呢？

Dalio說：你必須要主動的去練習心胸開放，他並不會自己發生。

But consider this: Do you know anyone who doesn’t have any blind spots? I strongly doubt it. Then why would you be any different? As Dalio makes clear, you must be active in the process of open-mindedness: It won’t happen by accident.

原文連結：The Difference Between Open-Minded and Closed-Minded People